Storeys are separated by several successive layers: the firestop joists and rough flooring. The panes are fastened in with the help of glazier's putty. The sashes are placed in position only later and so, of course, are the window panes. The entrance leading into the house from the street is called the front door, from the yard - the back door. When doors or windows are to be made, a lintel (перемычки) is usually inserted in the wall above the opening. Besides brick, stone, concrete and other natural and artificial materials are used for the construction of walls.

Walls are constructed to enclose areas and to support the weight of floors and roofs. In order to shape the brick to the necessary size or to chip it, the brick chisel and the hammer are used. The instrument used by the bricklayer is called a trowel. The building of a wall consists in laying down courses of bricks and bonding them together with mortar. He also decides how they are to be spaced and arranged. The designer determines the size of the walls, the floor joists, the beams, the girders and the parts which make up the framework. To do this work properly and safely the floors, walls, roofs and other parts of the construction must be correctly designed and proportioned. It carries the loads which are imposed on it. The part upon which the stability of the structure depends is the framework. Foundations are to keep the floors and walls from contact with the soil, to act against the action of the frost and to prevent from settlement.

In the case of a brick structure, the building of the walls may be directly proceeded with. Then the foundation work is finished by providing anchoring sills. The excavation is dug for the basement and then followed by the actual building of the foundation walls below ground level. In the construction of a house the first step is to make a careful survey of the site and to examine the soil in order to find its bearing power. The structure is put up by bricklayers, carpenters, plasterers, plumbers, painters, locksmiths, glass-cutters, etc. The building process takes place under the supervision of formen and engineers. All the parts of such houses are produced on an industrial scale in factories and assembled on the spot. A lot of houses are built of prefabricated blocks (prefabs). Many new types of individual houses are made from reed slabs, rolled gypsum concrete panels or wooden sheets. Houses are built of wood, brick, stone and concrete.

Building construction process